[group] Owls | [order] STRIGIFORMES | [family] Strigidae | [latin] Asio flammeus | [UK] Short-eared Owl | [FR] Hibou marais | [DE] Sumpfohreule | [ES] Lechuza Campestre | [NL] Velduil | [IRL] Ulchabhán réisc
Measurements
spanwidth min.: 90 cm
spanwidth max.: 105 cm
size min.: 37 cm
size max.: 40 cm
Breeding
incubation min.: 24 days
incubation max.: 29 days
fledging min.: 24 days
fledging max.: 29 days
broods 1
eggs min.: 4
eggs max.: 8
Status: A scarce winter visitor throughout Ireland and rare breeding species, mainly in the south and east. Favours uplands and coastal lowlands.
Conservation Concern: Amber-listed in Ireland due to its small breeding population. The European population is currently evaluated as Depleted due to a large historical decline.
Identification: The only Irish owl species likely to be seen hunting during the day. Very similar in appearance to Long-eared Owl in all plumages. Adult Short-eared Owls can be identified by their yellow eyes and very small "ear" tufts. The black steeaking on the body tends to be much coarser than on Long-eared Owl. Juvenile Short-eareds are identical to juvenile Long-eared Owls, but have yellow eyes.
Similar Species: Long-eared Owl, Barn Owl.
Call: Generally silent when seen in Ireland. Display includes a quiet series of hoots given in flight.
Diet: As for Long-eared Owl. Comprises small mammals, frogs and birds.
Breeding: Rare and sporadic breeding species in uplands throughout Ireland. The majority of the European population breeds in Scandinavia and Russia.
Wintering: Widespread winter visitor to coastal lowlands (dunes, scrubby fields, machair). Sometimes two or more Short-eared Owls can be seen hunting together at favoured sites.
Where to See: The Wicklow coast, including the East Coast Nature Reserve is a good area to look for Short-eared Owls in winter. Numbers fluctuate from year to year, so may absent from even optimal sites in some years.
Status: A scarce winter visitor throughout Ireland and rare breeding species, mainly in the south and east. Favours uplands and coastal lowlands.
Conservation Concern: Amber-listed in Ireland due to its small breeding population. The European population is currently evaluated as Depleted due to a large historical decline.
Identification: The only Irish owl species likely to be seen hunting during the day. Very similar in appearance to Long-eared Owl in all plumages. Adult Short-eared Owls can be identified by their yellow eyes and very small "ear" tufts. The black steeaking on the body tends to be much coarser than on Long-eared Owl. Juvenile Short-eareds are identical to juvenile Long-eared Owls, but have yellow eyes.
Similar Species: Long-eared Owl, Barn Owl.
Call: Generally silent when seen in Ireland. Display includes a quiet series of hoots given in flight.
Diet: As for Long-eared Owl. Comprises small mammals, frogs and birds.
Breeding: Rare and sporadic breeding species in uplands throughout Ireland. The majority of the European population breeds in Scandinavia and Russia.
Wintering: Widespread winter visitor to coastal lowlands (dunes, scrubby fields, machair). Sometimes two or more Short-eared Owls can be seen hunting together at favoured sites.
Where to See: Skerries, Rogerstown Estuary, Bull Island, the East Coast Nature Reserve is a good area to look for Short-eared Owls in winter. Numbers fluctuate from year to year, so may absent from even optimal sites in some years.
Physical characteristics
Short-eared Owls are medium-sized owls with mottled brown and buff plumage. Their facial disks are light, with dark patches at the eyes. They have short ear-tufts that are usually held down, out of view. They are light underneath, with finely streaked chests and bellies. Males are paler than females. Short-eared Owls have dark markings at the wrist on both the underside and upper side of the wings. In flight they can be hard to tell from the closely related Long-eared Owls, except by behavior and habitat.
Because they are active during the day, Short-eared Owls are easier to see than most other owls. They are especially active at dawn and dusk, and they perform dramatic courtship flights, complete with vocalizing and wing clapping, during the breeding season. They are chase-predators and hunt by flying low over an open area, with their wings at a slight dihedral, somewhat like Northern Harriers. Their buoyant wing-beats give them a distinctive moth-like appearance.
Habitat
Short-eared Owls inhabit open terrain in all seasons. They use shrub-steppe, grasslands, agricultural areas, marshes, wet meadows, and shorelines. They are often seen perched on fence posts or pieces of driftwood.
Other details
Asio flammeus is a widespread but patchily distributed breeder across much of Europe, which accounts for less than a quarter of its global breeding range. Its European breeding population is relatively large (>58,000 pairs), but underwent a large decline between 1970-1990. Although declines continued in a few countries during 1990-2000, they abated across most of Europe, and the species was broadly stable overall. Nevertheless, its total population size remains below the level that preceded its decline.
This owl inhabits a large part of Eurasia, North America and southern South America. In Europe, especially in the south, its distribution is increasingly fragmented. The total population of the European Union is estimated at 1500-3500 breeding pairs. It fluctuates according to rodent densities, but seems to decrease following mainly habitat loss, but also persecution and use of pesticides (especially rodenticides). Many birds are also killed along roads and railways.
Fluctuations in the Short-eared Owl population, due most likely to cyclical variation in the population of voles, make it difficult to determine long-term trends. However, declines have been recorded from many parts of the owls range, and Short-eared Owls are listed as an at-risk species by Partners in Flight. Development and agriculture, which result in loss of habitat, are the most significant threats to the population.
Feeding
Short-eared Owls eat small mammals, especially voles. They take other small rodents, shrews, rabbits, gophers, bats, and muskrats as well. Occasionally, they prey on birds.
Conservation
This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. [conservation status from birdlife.org]
Breeding
Courtship and territorial behaviour is spectacular for an Owl. Males perform aerial displays by rising quickly with rhythmic and exaggerated wing beats, hovering, gliding down, and rising again, often 200 to 400 meters above ground. Wing claps, in bursts of 2 to 6 per second, are often made during this flight and some singing occurs. The flight can be ended with a spectacular descent where the male hold his wings aloft and shimmies rapidly to the ground. Two birds may engage in flight, locking talons, and fighting briefly. Often, a display where one bird flashes its light underwing towards another is used during territorial and courtship flights.
The Short-eared Owl nests on the ground, unlike most other Owls. Nests are usually situated in the shelter of a grass mound, under a grass tuft, or among herbaceous ground cover. Nests are loosely constructed by the female, who scrapes a spot on the ground and then lines the scrape with grass stems, herb stalks, and feathers plucked from her breast. Clutch sizes range from 4 to 14 eggs (average 5 to 7), with large clutches laid during years of high food abundance. Clutch size increases from south to north. Eggs are laid every 1 to 2 days and incubation commences with the first. Incubation is done largely by the female, with the male bringing food to the nest and occasionally taking a turn incubating. Young grow very rapidly after hatching, and begin to wander from the nest as soon as 12 days, an adaptation for a ground-nesting species to reduce the amount of time they are vulnerable to predation. Young fledge at about 4 weeks.
The Short-eared Owl routinely lays replacement clutches, because of high predation rates. In southern areas, it may raise 2 broods in 1 year. Because reproductive success is relatively poor, the ability to lay large clutches helps populations recover after periodic declines.
The Short-eared Owl is highly migratory, and nomadic, except in southern parts of its range. Movements of up to 2,000 kilometers have been documented. This Owl has relatively small nesting territories and home ranges, varying from 15 to 200 hectares (35 to 500 acres), and may nest in loose colonies in excellent habitat. Because of its nomadic tendencies, mate and site fidelity are very low. Breeders tend to wander until they find areas with high densities of prey before settling to breed. In winter, large numbers of Owls will occur in areas with lots of food. Communal winter roosts of up to 200 birds are known, with these birds ranging over nearby areas to hunt. Resident Owls will defend winter foraging territories of about 6 hectares (15 acres), before expanding the territory size during the breeding season.
Migration
Thought to be highly migratory in N part of range, though migration perhaps confused with nomadic food searches and juvenile dispersal; also, wintering areas may become breeding areas if food plentiful. Although present throughout year in middle latitudes, ringing data indicate seasonal N-S and W-SW migration: bird rings in Oklahoma recovered 1730 km SSE in California. In Europe and Asia, migratory in N of range: N populations winter from British Is, S Scandinavia and C Asia S to N half of Africa and parts of S & E Asia; known to breed in N China and winter in S China. Accidental Spitsbergen, Bear Is, Jan Mayen, Azores, Madeira and Cape Verde Is.