Série com o Macaco Prego (Cebus apella) - Series with the Capuchin monkey - 26-06-2010 - IMG_3694

Macaco-prego
Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Macaco-prego
Classificação científica
Reino: Animalia
Filo: Chordata
Classe: Mammalia
Ordem: Primates
Subordem: Haplorrhini
Infra-ordem: Simiiformes
(sem classificação): Platyrrhini
Família: Cebidae
Subfamília: Cebinae
Género: Cebus
Espécie: C. apella
Nomenclatura binominal
Cebus apella
Linnaeus, 1758
Wikispecies
A Wikispecies tem informações sobre: Macaco-prego
O macaco-prego (Cebus apella) é um macaco da família dos cebídeos, de hábito diurno e arborícola, que é encontrado em grande parte das florestas tropicais da América do Sul. A espécie possui pelagem marrom-escura com alto da cabeça e pernas negros, cauda negra, preênsil e geralmente com a ponta enrolada. Alimentam-se de frutos, nozes, sementes, flores, insetos, ovos e pequenos vertebrados. Costuma viver em bandos de até dez indivíduos. Também é conhecido pelo nome de mico-preto.
Ocorre uma vez ao ano, com uma única cria, cujo período de gestação é de cerca de 6 meses. Os adultos pesam entre 1,1 Kg e 3,3 Kg, enquanto os filhotes têm peso de cerca de 260 gr.

A text in english:

Capuchin monkey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Cebus" redirects here; for the communication hardware protocol, see CEBus.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cebidae
Subfamily: Cebinae
Bonaparte, 1831
Genus: Cebus
Erxleben, 1777
Type species
Simia capucina
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
Cebus capucinus
Cebus albifrons
Weeper uolivaceus
Cebus kaapori
Cebus apella
Cebus libidinosus
Cebus nigritus
Cebus xanthosternos
Cebus queirozi
Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella)
Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella)
The capuchins are the group of New World monkeys classified as genus Cebus. Their name comes from their coloration, which resembles the cowls worn by the Capuchin order of Roman Catholic friars. Cebus is the only genus in subfamily Cebinae.
The range of the capuchin monkeys includes Central America (Honduras) and middle South America (middle Brazil, eastern Peru, Paraguay).
Capuchins generally resemble the friars of their namesake. Their body, arms, legs and tail are all darkly (black or brown) colored, while the face, throat and chest are white colored, and their head has a black cap. They reach a length of 30 to 56 cm (12 - 22 inches), with tails that are just as long as the body. They weigh up to 1.3 kg (2 lb, 13 oz).
Like most New World monkeys, capuchins are diurnal and arboreal. With the exception of a midday nap, they spend their entire day searching for food. At night they sleep in the trees, wedged between branches. They are undemanding regarding their habitat and can thus be found in many differing areas. Among the natural enemies of the capuchins are large falcons, cats and snakes.
The diet of the capuchins is more varied than other monkeys in the family Cebidae. They are omnivores, eating not only fruits, nuts, seeds and buds, but also insects, spiders, bird eggs and small vertebrate. Capuchins living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones.
Easily recognized as the "organ grinder" monkeys, capuchins are sometimes kept as pets. They are also sometimes used as service animals. Sometimes they plunder fields and crops and are seen as troublesome by nearby human populations.[citation needed] In some regions they have become rare due to the destruction of their habitat.
Social structure
Capuchins live together in groups of six to 40 members. These groups consist of related females and their offspring, as well as several males. Usually groups are dominated by a single male, who has primary rights to mate with the females of the group. Mutual grooming as well as vocalization serves as communication and stabilization of the group dynamics. These primates are territorial animals, distinctly marking a central area of their territory with urine and defending it against intruders, though outer zones of these areas may overlap.
Females bear young every two years following a 160 to 180 day gestation. The young cling to their mother's chest until they are larger, when they move to her back. Adult male capuchins rarely take part in caring for the young. Within four years for females and eight years for males, juveniles become fully mature. In captivity, individuals have reached an age of 45 years, although life expectancy in nature is only 15 to 25 years.
Capuchins are considered the most intelligent New World monkeys and are often used in laboratories. The Tufted Capuchin is especially noted for its long-term tool usage, one of the few examples of primate tool use other than by apes. Upon seeing macaws eating palm nuts, cracking them open with their beaks, these capuchins will select a few of the ripest fruits, nip off the tip of the fruit and drink down the juice, then seemingly discard the rest of the fruit with the nut inside. When these discarded fruits have hardened and become slightly brittle, the capuchins will gather them up again and take them to a large flat boulder where they have previously gathered a few river stones from up to a mile away. They will then use these stones, some of them weighing as much as the monkeys, to crack open the fruit to get to the nut inside. Young capuchins will watch this process to learn from the older, more experienced adults.
During the mosquito season, they crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs. This acts as a natural insect repellent.
Self-awareness
When presented with a reflection, capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self.
Most animals react to seeing their reflection as if encountering another individual they don't recognize. An experiment with capuchins shows that they react to a reflection as a strange phenomenon, but not as if seeing a strange capuchin.
In the experiment, capuchins were presented with three different scenarios:
1. Seeing an unfamiliar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier
2. Seeing a familiar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier
3. A mirror showing a reflection of the monkey
With scenario 1, females appeared anxious and avoided eye-contact. Males made threatening gestures. In scenario 2, there was little reaction by either males or females.
When presented with a reflection, females gazed into their own eyes and made friendly gestures such as lip-smacking and swaying. Males made more eye contact than with strangers or familiar monkeys but reacted with signs of confusion or distress, such as squealing, curling up on the floor or trying to escape from the test room.
Leia a seguir uma interessante matéria sobre os macacos-pregos, publicada na Folha de São paulo, no endereçohttp://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u411970.shtml :

Macaco-prego entende valor do dinheiro
RICARDO BONALUME NETO
da Folha de S.Paulo
Mesmo separado do homem por 35 milhões de anos de evolução biológica, o macaco-prego demonstrou em experimentos na Itália possuir uma capacidade demasiado humana: o bicho entendeu o valor simbólico do "dinheiro". Foi a primeira evidência clara de que macacos também conseguem raciocinar com símbolos.
A equipe de cinco pesquisadores da Itália e dos EUA testou cinco desses pequenos macacos brasileiros com opções de comida e de objetos usados para simbolizá-la, que serviam como uma espécie de "dinheiro" que os animais podiam trocar por um lanche.
Experimento com macacos que envolvia escolha entre alimento e fichas de pôquer mostrou que primata raciocina usando símbolos
Experimento com macacos que envolvia escolha entre alimento e fichas de pôquer mostrou que primata raciocina usando símbolos
O ser humano já foi definido como a "espécie simbólica", dizem os autores do estudo, liderado por Elisa Addessi e Elisabetta Visalberghi, do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Cognitivas, de Roma.
A compreensão de símbolos "transformou drasticamente nossos ancestrais hominídeos ao longo da evolução", escreveram os cientistas em artigo na revista "PLoS One" (www.plosone.org). A capacidade culminou numa linguagem complexa que auxilia acumulação e transmissão de cultura entre gerações.
O aprendizado de símbolos já foi observado antes em experimentos com chimpanzés, "parentes" mais próximos do ser humano. Mas que isso fosse possível com animais bem mais distantes evolutivamente, como o macaco-prego (nome científico Cebus apella), foi a grande surpresa agora.
Cinco macacos foram testados em gaiolas nas quais tinham a possibilidade de puxar uma entre duas gavetas com comida ou com o "dinheiro" --objetos não-comestíveis, como fichas de pôquer, que as representassem.
Os macacos já tinham previamente aprendido a trocar o "dinheiro" por comida; agora o objetivo era testar se isso derivava de um mero condicionamento ou se de fato raciocinavam usando o objeto como símbolo da comida.
Primeiro, os pesquisadores testaram suas preferências entre três tipos de alimentos, ordenados como "A", "B" e "C".
A idéia era checar um importante traço do processo de decisão, a chamada "transitividade": se prefiro comer "A" a comer "B", e prefiro "B" a "C", certamente vou preferir "A" em relação a "C". Depois, os macacos eram testados com quantidades diferentes tanto de comida quanto de objetos.

Os resultados mostraram que os macacos-pregos de fato se comportavam de acordo com a transitividade. Fosse com a comida, fosse com o "dinheiro", eles preferiam "A" a "B", "B" a "C" e "A" a "C".

Simbólico e concreto
"É um resultado muito interessante", afirma o pesquisador brasileiro Eduardo Ottoni, do Instituto de Psicologia da USP, comentando o estudo. Ottoni colabora com os italianos em pesquisas de campo com macacos-pregos no Piauí.
"Ainda que com algum viés ou dificuldade, os macacos conseguiram lidar com o problema simbólico de maneira comparável à maneira com que lidaram com o problema concreto --o ranking qualitativo de preferências e a transitividade se mantém", diz Ottoni.
Ou, nas palavras dos autores, "no geral, os resultados sugerem que os macacos-pregos usam mecanismos cognitivos similares quando avaliam opções em ambos os contextos, real e simbólico".

Taken on: June 26, 2010

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Camera:	Canon EOS 50D
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Focal Length:	313mm
ISO:	400
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Flash:	On, Fired
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